Watermarks

Watermarks are an integral part of some papers. They are formed in the process of paper manufacture. Watermarks consist of small designs, formed of wire or cut from metal and soldered to the surface of the mold or, sometimes, on the dandy roll. The designs may be in the form of crowns, stars, anchors, letters or other characters or symbols. These pieces of metal – known in the paper-making industry as “bits” – impress a design into the paper. The design sometimes may be seen by holding the stamp to the light. Some are more easily seen with a watermark detector. This important tool is a small black tray into which a stamp is placed face down and dampened with a fastevaporating watermark detection fluid that brings up the watermark image in the form of dark lines against a lighter background. These dark lines are the thinner areas of the paper known as the watermark. Some watermarks are extremely difficult to locate, due to either a faint impression, watermark location or the color of the stamp. There also are electric watermark detectors that come with plastic filter disks of various colors. The disks neutralize the color of the stamp, permitting the watermark to be seen more easily.

Some inks used in the photogravure process dissolve in watermark fluids. Also, see “chalky paper.” Watermarks may be found normal, reversed, inverted, reversed and inverted, sideways or diagonal, as seen from the back of the stamp. The relationship of watermark to stamp design depends on the position of the printing plates or how paper is fed through the press. On machine-made paper, watermarks normally are read from right to left. The design is repeated closely throughout the sheet in a “multiple watermark design.” In a “sheet watermark,” the design appears only once on the sheet, but extends over many stamps.

Individual stamps may carry only a small fraction or none of the watermark. “Marginal watermarks” occur in the margins of sheets or panes of stamps. They occur on the outside border of paper (ostensibly outside the area where stamps are to be printed). A large row of letters may spell the name of the country or the manufacturer of the paper, or a border of lines may appear. Careless press feeding may cause parts of these letters and/or lines to show on stamps of the outer row of a pane.

Source: Scott Stamp Catalogue

 

Stamp Paper

Paper used to print stamps may be manufactured in sheets, or it may have been part of a large roll (called a web) before being cut to size. The fibers most often used to create paper on which stamps are printed include bark, wood, straw and certain grasses. In many cases, linen or cotton rags have been added for greater strength and durability. Grinding, bleaching, cooking and rinsing these raw fibers reduces them to a slushy pulp, referred to by paper makers as “stuff.” Sizing and, sometimes, coloring matter is added to the pulp to make different types of finished paper. After the stuff is prepared, it is poured onto sieve-like frames that allow the water to run off, while retaining the matted pulp. As fibers fall onto the screen and are held by gravity, they form a natural weave that will later hold the paper together. If the screen has metal bits that are formed into letters or images attached, it leaves slightly thinned areas on the paper. These are called watermarks. When the stuff is almost dry, it is passed under pressure through smooth or engraved rollers – dandy rolls – or placed between cloth in a press to be flattened and dried.

 Basic types of paper used to make stamps.

Stamp paper falls broadly into two types: wove and laid. The nature of the surface of the frame onto which the pulp is first deposited causes the differences in appearance between the two;

If the surface is smooth and even, the paper will be of fairly uniform texture throughout. This is known as wove paper. Early papermaking machines poured the pulp onto a continuously circulating web of felt, but modern machines feed the pulp onto a cloth-like screen made of closely interwoven fine wires. This paper, when held to a light, will show little dots or points very close together. The proper name for this is “wire wove,” but the type is still considered wove. Any U.S. or British stamp printed after 1880 will serve as an example of wire wove paper.

 Wove paper – 500th anniversary of College of Arms, UK.

Closely spaced parallel wires, with cross wires at wider intervals, make up the frames used for what is known as laid paper. A greater thickness of the pulp will settle between the wires. The paper, when held to a light, will show alternate light and dark lines. The spacing and the thickness of the lines may vary, but on any one sheet of paper they are all alike.

 Laid paper – 1883 Russia Scott #31.

Paper also is classified as thick or thin, hard or soft, and by color. Such colors may include yellowish, greenish, bluish and reddish.

Other types of paper and paper texture use to make stamps are;

Batonne is a term used if the lines in the paper are spaced quite far apart, like the printed ruling on a writing tablet. Batonne paper may be either wove or laid. If laid, fine laid lines can be seen between the batons.

Quadrille is the term used when the lines in the paper form little squares. Oblong quadrille is the term used when rectangles, rather than squares, are formed.

 Quadrille – 1867 Guadalajara Scott #35.

Colored — Colored paper is created by the addition of dye in the paper-making process. Such colors may include shades of yellow, green, blue and red. Surface-colored papers, most commonly used for British colonial issues in 1913-14, are created when coloring is added only to the surface during the finishing process. Stamps printed on surface-colored paper have white or uncolored backs, while true colored papers are colored through.

 Colored paper – Jamaica Scott # 48.

Pelure — Pelure paper is a very thin, hard and often brittle paper that is sometimes bluish or grayish in appearance.

 Pelure – Serbia Scott #169.

Native — This is a term applied to handmade papers used to produce some of the early stamps of the Indian states. Stamps printed on native paper may be expected to display various natural inclusions that are normal and do not negatively affect value. Japanese paper, originally made of mulberry fibers and rice flour, is part of this group.

 Native – Japan Scott #8.

Manila — This type of paper is often used to make stamped envelopes and wrappers. It is a coarse-textured stock, usually smooth on one side and rough on the other. A variety of colors of manila paper exist, but the most common range is yellowish-brown.

Silk — Introduced by the British in 1847 as a safeguard against counterfeiting, silk paper contains bits of colored silk thread scattered throughout. The density of these fibers varies greatly and can include as few as one fiber per stamp or hundreds. Silk-thread paper has uninterrupted threads of colored silk arranged so that one or more threads run through the stamp or postal stationery.

 Silk – Great Britain Scott #5.

• Granite — Filled with minute cloth or colored paper fibers of various colors and lengths, granite paper should not be confused with either type of silk paper.

 Granite – Austria Scott #72.

Chalky — A chalk-like substance coats the surface of chalky paper to discourage the cleaning and reuse of canceled stamps, as well as to provide a smoother, more acceptable printing surface. Because the designs of stamps printed on chalky paper are imprinted on what is often a water-soluble coating, any attempt to remove a cancellation will destroy the stamp.  Do not soak these stamps in any fluid. To remove a stamp printed on chalky paper from an envelope, wet the paper from underneath the stamp until the gum dissolves enough to release the stamp from the paper.

 Chalky – St. Kitts-Nevis Scott #9.

India — Another name for this paper, originally introduced from China about 1750, is “China Paper.” It is a thin, opaque paper often used for plate and die proofs by many countries.

Double — Double is a two-ply paper, usually a combination of a thick and a thin sheet, joined during manufacture. This type was used experimentally as a means to discourage the reuse of stamps. The design is printed on the thin paper. Any attempt to remove a cancellation would destroy the design.

 Double – U.S. Scott #58.

Goldbeater’s Skin — This type of paper was used for the 1866 issue of Prussia, and was a tough, translucent paper. The design was printed in reverse on the back of the stamp, and the gum applied over the printing. It is impossible to remove stamps printed on this type of paper from the paper to which they are affixed without destroying the design.

Ribbed — Ribbed paper has an uneven, corrugated surface made by passing the paper through ridged rollers.

 Ribbed – Scottt #56.

Source: Scott Stamp Catalogue

Types of Stamps

Airmail stamps – for payment of airmail service. The term “airmail” or an equivalent is usually printed on special airmail stamps. Airmail stamps typically depict images of airplanes and/or famous pilots and were used when airmail was a special type of mail delivery separate from mail delivered by train, ship or automobile. Aside from mail with local destinations, today almost all other mail is transported by aircraft and thus airmail is now the standard method of delivery.

 First official airmail stamp, issued by Italy Postal Service in May 1917.

Postage Stamp Booklet – is a booklet made up of one or more small panes of postage stamps in a cardboard cover. Booklets are often made from sheets especially printed for this purpose, with a narrow selvage at one side of the booklet pane for binding. From the cutting, the panes are usually imperforate on the edges of the booklet. Smaller and easier to handle than a whole sheet of stamps, in many countries booklets have become a favored way to purchase stamps.

Carrier’s stamp – is a type of postage stamp used by private mail carriers to deliver mail directly to an addressee from the post office. When the postal service was first organized and the delivery of mail was only from one post office to another post office and not directly to the addressee. This created the need for private mail carriers. In the United States, this specialized category of stamps existed mainly from 1842 to 1860.

 First carrier stamp of Italy, 1928.

Certified Stamp – (registered mail) is a mail service offered by postal services in many countries, which allows the sender proof of mailing via a mailing receipt and, upon request electronic verification that an article was delivered or that a delivery attempt was made.

Coil Stamp – is a type of postage stamp sold in strips one stamp wide. The name derives from the usual handling of long strips, which is to coil them into rolls, in a manner reminiscent of adhesive tape rolls. A large percentage of modern stamps are sold in coil form, because they are more amenable to mechanized handling in large quantities than either sheet stamps or booklet stamps.

Commemorative stamp – is a postage stamp, often issued on a significant date such as an anniversary, to honor or commemorate a place, event, person, or object. The subject of the commemorative stamp is usually spelled out in print, unlike definitive stamps which normally depict the subject along with the denomination and country name only.

 Alexander Graham Bell commemorative issue of 1947.

A postage meter or franking machine – is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage (or franking) to mailed matter. Postage meters are regulated by a country’s postal authority. A postage meter imprints an amount of postage, functioning as a postage stamp, a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one. The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps.

 An early machine pictured on a 1932 envelope from Brazil addressed to Pitney Bowes.

Definitive stamp – is a postage stamp that is part of the regular issue of a country’s stamps, available for sale by the post office for an extended period of time and designed to serve the everyday postal needs of the country. The term is used in contrast to a “provisional stamp”, one that is issued for a temporary period until regular stamps are available, or a “commemorative stamp”, a stamp “issued to honor a person or mark a special event” available only for a limited time. Commonly, a definitive issue or series includes stamps in a range of denominations sufficient to cover current postal rates.

Express mail – is an accelerated mail delivery service for which the customer pays a surcharge and receives faster delivery. Express mail is a service for domestic and international mail and is in most countries governed by a country’s own postal administration.

Local post – is a mail service that operates only within a limited geographical area, typically a city or a single transportation route. Historically, some local posts have been operated by governments, while others, known as private local posts have been for-profit companies. Today, many stamp collectors operate hobbyists’ local posts, issuing their own postal “stamps” for other collectors but rarely carrying any mail.

Military stamp – is a postage stamp used by a military organisation, in time of war, or while ensuring a peace keeping operation. Often the letters will be transported by the army itself until they reach the country of destination. These stamps were widely used during World War II by soldiers wishing to send mail home to their families. The usage of these stamps has been somewhat phased out by the appearance of electronic means of communication. Some army issues include:

• China Expeditionary Forces (1900-1921)
• Indian Expeditionary Forces (1914-1922)
• British occupation of Mafia Island (1915-1916)
• British Field Office in Salonica (1916)
• Nyasaland Field Force (1916)
• Egyptian Expeditionary Force (1918)
• Indian Expeditionary Force D (1919)
• British Forces in Egypt (1932-1939)
• Middle East Forces (1942-1947)
• East Africa Forces (1943-1946)
• Indian National Army (World War II)
• Indian Custodian Forces in Korea (1953)
• International Commission in Indo-China (1954-1968)
• Indian UN Force in Congo (1962)
• Indian UN Force in Gaza (1965)

Minisheet — a commemorative issue smaller than a regular full sheet of stamps, but with more than one stamp. Minisheets often contain a number of different stamps, and often having a decorative border.

Newspaper stamp – is a special type of postage stamp used to pay the cost of mailing newspapers and other periodicals. Although many types were issued in the 19th century, typically representing rates reduced from regular mail, they generally fell out of use in the mid-20th century, as mail services began to arrange bulk handling directly with publishers.

Official mail – is mail sent from, or by, an authorized department of government, governmental agency or international organization and normally has some indication that it is official; a certifying cachet, return address or other means of identity, indicating its user.

Non-denominated postage – is postage intended to meet a certain postage rate that retains full validity for that intended postage rate even after the rate is increased. It does not show a monetary value, or denomination, on the face.

An overprint – is an additional layer of text or graphics added to the face of a postage stamp, banknote or postal stationery after it has been printed. Post offices most often use overprints for internal administrative purposes such as accounting but they are also employed in public mail. The most well-recognized varieties are commemorative overprints which are produced for their public appeal and command significant interest in the field of philately.

Perfin – is a stamp that has had initials or a name perforated across it to discourage theft. The name is a contraction of perforated initials or perforated insignia.

 A 1951 perfin stamp of Great Britain showing front (top) and reverse (bottom).

Personalised (or personalized) stamp – is a postage stamp, with an adjoining label on the left, on which, for a fee, an image of the purchaser’s choosing may be placed. The stamps vary from country to country and while some are normal stamps with a personalised label on the left attached by perforations, elsewhere the stamps are more properly regarded as one-piece personalised meter stamps with a colourful design next to the indicia.

Postage due – is the term used for mail sent with insufficient postage. A postage due stamp is a stamp added to an underpaid piece of mail to indicate the extra postage due.

Self-adhesive stamp – is a postage stamp with a pressure-sensitive adhesive that does not require moistening in order to adhere to paper. They are usually issued on a removable backing paper. They were first issued by such tropical climates as Sierra Leone in February 1964 and Tonga in April 1969 in an attempt to avoid the tendency of traditional water-activated stamps to stick together in humid conditions. They also made die cutting into fanciful and unique shapes easier.

Semi-postal stamp or semipostal stamp, also known as a charity stamp, is a postage stamp issued to raise money for a particular purpose (such as a charitable cause) and sold at a premium over the postal value. Typically the stamp shows two denominations separated by a plus sign, but in many cases the only denomination shown is for the postage rate, and the postal customer simply pays the higher price when purchasing the stamps.

Souvenir sheet — a commemorative issue in large format valid for postage often containing a perforated or imperforate stamp as part of its design.

Specimen stamp – is a postage stamp or postal stationery indicium sent to postmasters and postal administrations so that they are able to identify valid stamps and to avoid forgeries. The usual method of invalidating the stamps is either overprinting in ink or perforating the word Specimen across the stamp.

Test stamp – is a label resembling a postage stamp that is used by postal authorities for testing equipment. They generally have the same size and shape as regular stamps, but with a minimal design.

Variable value stamp – is a gummed or self-adhesive postage stamp of a common design, issued by a machine similar to an Automatic Teller Machine, with a value of the user’s choice printed at the time the stamp is dispensed.

War tax stamp – is a type of postage stamp added to an envelope in addition to regular postage. It is similar to a postal tax stamp, but the revenue is used to defray the costs of a war; as with other postal taxes, its use is obligatory for some period of time.

Source: Wikipedia

Origins of Postal Stamps

The first stamps were introduced in the United Kingdom on 1 May 1840 as part of postal reforms promoted by Sir Rowland Hill. The first stamp issued was the Penny Black exhibiting an engraving of Queen Victoria and had no perforations as the first stamps were separated from their sheets by cutting. Adoption of postal stamps by various countries quickly succeeded and by 1860 most countries issued stamps. Perforation of postage stamps began in January 1854.

 The Black Penny

The first stamps issued followed an almost identical standard in shape, size and general subject matter. They were rectangular in shape, bore the image of Queens, Presidents and other political figures. They had the domination of the postage paid and with the exception of UK, had the name of the country from which issued. In 1869, the US Post Office broke the tradition and other subjects and design including train, horse appeared on the postal stamps.

In 1850, Penny Red was the first stamp to have perforation and the introduction of perforations was to facilitate the separation of the stamps from the stamp sheets. The first perforated stamp in the US was the 3 cents George Washington issued on February 24, 1857.

 The Red Penny

The commonest shape of stamps issued is the rectangular shape. In addition stamps with circular, triangular pentagonal or irregular shapes have also been issued.

Stamps are most commonly made from paper specifically designed for them and are printed in sheets, rolls or small booklets. On few occasions stamps have been made from other materials e.g. embossed foils, plastic, synthetic chemicals.

Postage stamps are first issued on a specific date, often referred to as the First day of issue. A first day cover usually consists of an envelope, a postage stamp and a postmark with the date of the stamp’s first day of issue thereon. Starting in the mid-20th century some countries began assigning the first day of issue to a place associated with the subject of the stamp design, such as a specific town or city. There are two basic types of First Day Covers (FDCs) noted by collectors. The first and often most desirable type among advanced collectors is a cover sent through the mail in the course of everyday usage, without the intention of the envelope and stamp ever being retrieved and collected. The second type of FDC is often referred to as “Philatelic,” that is, an envelope and stamp sent by someone with the intention of retrieving and collecting the mailed item at a later time and place. The envelope used for this type of FDC often bears a printed design or cachet of its own in correspondence with the stamp’s subject and is usually printed well in advance of the first day of issue date. The latter type of FDC is usually far more common, and is usually inexpensive and relatively easy to acquire. Covers that were sent without any secondary purpose are considered non-philatelic and often are much more challenging to find and collect.

Source: Wikipedia